But now a team of geologists directed by Joshua Smith, Ph.D., assistant professor of earth and planetary sciences in Arts & Sciences, has found a well-preserved fossil of a crab within inches of a tail vertebra from a massive plant-eating dinosaur.

Necrocarcinidae (crab), meet titanosaurian sauropod (dinosaur).

This well-preserved fossil of a crab was found within inches of a dinosaur tailbone in Egypt's Bahariya Oasis, the first evidence in literature of the two found together. The find helps piece together what ancient environments might have been like. - Courtesy photo

The find, in Egypt's Bahariya Oasis, is the first instance of a crab fossil found with a dinosaur fossil. It reveals much about both species and the kind of ecosystem where the fossils were found, thought to be a predator-rich mangrove setting dominated by tree ferns and other coastal plants, similar to Florida's swampy Everglades.

The rocks containing these fossils are about 94 million years old, which means they date back to the Cretaceous Period, some 65 million to 130 million years ago.

"The two normally don't hang with each other, or they are at least not commonly discovered together," said Smith, of crabs and dinosaurs.

Smith made international news in 2001 when he and his collaborators published results of their discovery of the second most massive dinosaur ever unearthed, Paralititan stromeri, in the same part of the Bahariya Oasis.

"There have been anecdotal mentions of crabs with dinosaurs, but those remains turned out to be lobsters or ghost shrimp," Smith said. "Even if the time gap between the two is thousands of years, we have visual proof of these two coexisting together. This is a nice surprise. It fills in more about this kind of ecosystem."

The results are in a paper that will be published later this year in the Journal of Paleontology.

Smith and his collaborators from the University of Pennsylvania, the Cairo Geological Museum and Drexel University discovered the fossils in 2001, on an expedition for dinosaur bones. They found a dinosaur tailbone, fossil plants and the crab, all within a foot-and-a-half of each other.

Because there have been informal (though never published in peer-review journals) mentions of crabs being part of ecosystems where dinosaur bones have been found, and more importantly because he isn't qualified to describe a crab, Smith wanted to clarify and sought geologist Carrie E. Schweitzer, Ph.D., of the Kent State University Department of Geology.

"As far as we can tell from the literature, this is the first confirmed notice of a crab associated with a dinosaur," said Schweitzer, who is the lead author on the crab paper. "The find is significant because it permits paleontologists to frame a very diverse — and thus much more accurate — description of what these ancient environments would have looked like.

"The deposits that enclose the dinosaur and the crab also contain crocodile-like animals, various invertebrates, fish, sharks, plesiosaurs — a kind of reptile — and turtles as well as plant material. Thus, we have a very complete idea of what types of organisms constituted the ecosystem."

Crabs, "brachyuran decapods" in technical jargon, from coastal habitats are uncommon in the fossil record because their remains rapidly disintegrate, either from decomposition or scavenging by other predators.

Geologists think that the crabs of the Bahariya Formation probably were scavengers that fed on vegetation and other organic material. They were a possible food source for fish and other vertebrates and invertebrates in the ecosystem.

Smith speculates that it is possible that small or baby dinosaurs might have fed on the crabs, but said speculation is the most he can do.

"Almost everything we're finding at the site is a predator," Smith said. "I could see a baby Spinosaurus picking up mangrove crabs, but it's all speculation because we have no solid proof of what dinosaurs ate."